Year: 2026 | Month: September | Volume: 16 | Issue: 9 | Pages: 332-350
DOI: https://doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20260936
Biomarkers of Type II Pyrethroid Toxicity: A Review
Anjali Sain, Vinita Tepan, Rajbala Verma, Farah Syed
Department of Zoology,
University of Rajasthan,
Jaipur
Corresponding Author: Farah Syed
ABSTRACT
Presently, the most commonly used pesticides exhibiting neurotoxic effects are synthetic pyrethroids, especially the Type II pyrethroids (e.g. deltamethrin, cypermethrin, cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, and fenvalerate). Although the toxicity of these substances to humans and other mammals is generally modest, their effects on the environment and human health are nonetheless concerning, particularly in light of their ability to interfere with the operation of the nervous system. The purpose of this review is to investigate the biomarkers linked to Type II pyrethroid-induced toxicity in rats, a crucial animal model for evaluating the effects of pesticides and other environmental toxicants. Among the biomarkers discussed are biochemical signs of oxidative stress (like glutathione depletion and lipid peroxidation), neurochemical changes (such as changes in sodium channels and acetylcholinesterase activity), genotoxic markers (such as chromosomal aberrations, nuclear abnormalities, and the micronucleus test), hematological changes, hepatotoxicity biomarkers, and reproductive toxicity biomarkers. Additionally, because these biomarkers shed light on the functional effects of exposure, behavioural indicators including motor coordination and cognitive performance are also discussed. Early identification, risk assessment, and management of pyrethroid toxicity all depend on an understanding of these indicators. This review article summarizes the state of current knowledge regarding the biomarkers of type II pyrethroid induced toxicity in rats and provides a thorough framework for further investigation and regulatory assessment.
Key words: Synthetic pyrethroids, biomarkers, Oxidative stress, acetylcholinesterase, neuro-behavioural toxicity, hepatotoxicity, genotoxicity, hematological alterations, reproductive toxicity.